Does it pay to be beautiful?

Physically attractive people can earn more, particularly in customer-facing jobs, and the rewards for men are higher than for women

LISER, Luxembourg, and DIW Berlin and IZA, Germany

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Elevator pitch

It is a well-established view amongst economists that good-looking people have a better chance of employment and can earn more than those who are less physically attractive. A “beauty premium” is particularly apparent in jobs where there is a productivity gain associated with good looks, though this is different for women and men, and varies across countries. People also sort into occupations according to the relative returns to their physical characteristics; good-looking people take jobs where physical appearance is deemed important while less-attractive people steer away from them, or they are required to be more productive for the same wage.

Share of employees reported as having very
                        good looks by occupation in Germany

Key findings

Pros

Employer discrimination against less-attractive workers is present in the labor market.

In occupations where looks are important, a beauty premium is apparent.

Good-looking people sort into occupations where the payoff to appearance is higher, while those who are less good-looking avoid them.

The way in which physically attractive people sort themselves in the labor market is different for women and men, which also explains why the “beauty effect” is more pronounced for men.

Cons

There is not one universal standard of beauty. It is also difficult to measure.

Beauty is not a fixed factor, but can be influenced by other factors such as cosmetics or plastic surgery, as well as confounded by confidence or personality.

It is difficult to separate out the effect of beauty from other less immediately recognizable attributes of individuals.

Customer discrimination cannot be easily disentangled from real differences in productivity.

It is not easy to make cross-country comparisons when perceptions of physical attractiveness differ.

Author's main message

The number of employment-related discrimination claims based on employees’ physical appearance is increasing. Policies to counter such discrimination are being introduced in a number of countries, but if they do not take into account the channels through which physical appearance is affecting labor market outcomes—such as employer discrimination, customer discrimination, productivity, and occupational sorting—they may fail to achieve their goals. Society should recognize and observe the relevance of a beauty premium. A need for interventions depends on legal considerations and whether such a premium reflects discrimination or productivity.

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