Can immigrants ever earn as much as native workers? Updated

Immigrants initially earn less than natives; the wage gap falls over time, but for many immigrant groups it never closes

Simon Fraser University, Canada

Vanderbilt University, USA, CASE, Poland, and IZA, Germany

one-pager full article

Elevator pitch

Immigrants contribute to the economic development of the host country, but they earn less at entry and it takes many years for them to achieve parity of income. For some immigrant groups, the wage gap never closes. There is a wide variation across countries in the entry wage gap and the speed of wage assimilation over time. Wage assimilation is affected by year of entry, immigrant skill, ethnicity, and gender. Policies that facilitate assimilation of immigrant workers provide support for education, language, and employment. Such policies can also reduce barriers to entry, encourage naturalization, and target selection of immigrants.

Immigrant earnings relative to native
                        earnings by years since arrival in the US (1980–1994)

Key findings

Pros

Immigrants earn less than natives at entry to the host labor market, but their relative wages increase over time in the host country.

Wage assimilation among highly educated immigrants is usually faster than among lower-educated immigrants.

Policies to increase skills, such as language and local training and work experience, can promote assimilation.

Wage subsidy policies promote employment assimilation.

Cons

Origin country education and training are less valued in the host country than native skills.

Migrants from ethnic groups that are the most dissimilar to native workers receive lower wages than other migrants.

Most active labor market policies have little impact on the assimilation of immigrants into employment.

Policies that segment labor markets reduce wage assimilation.

Immigrant selection policies benefit higher-skilled immigrants.

Author's main message

Immigrants earn less than natives when they enter the host country, but their wages grow over time. But some immigrant groups never reach wage parity with natives. Policies that encourage education and help immigrants develop skills that are valued by local employers or subsidize private sector wages for new immigrants can create better jobs for immigrants, increase their earnings, and promote assimilation. Policies that remove barriers to entry into jobs and provide a pathway to citizenship also encourage immigrants to invest in themselves. Countries benefit from immigrants who can fill labor shortages, and society also benefits if immigrants become more productive, active, and integrated residents.

Full citation

Full citation

Data source(s)

Data type(s)

Method(s)

Countries